MiraCosta College Library

APA CITATIONS FOR ONLINE RESOURCES

For more information, please refer to the APA Publication Manual, Fifth edition or the APA website

WORKS WITH MULTIPLE AUTHORS

Two Authors

1st Author’s Last Name, Initial(s), & 2 nd Author’s Last Name, Initial(s).

eg. Ramirez, M., & Schon, I. F.

Three to Six Authors

1st Author’s Last Name, Initial(s), 2nd Author’s Last Name, Initial(s), 3rd Author’s Last Name, Initial(s), & 4th

Author’s Last Name, Initial(s).

eg. Aguiar, L. M., Tomic, P., Burke, S., & Trumper, R.

Seven or More Authors

Format as for 6 authors, omitting & and adding et al. for 7 th and successive authors.

eg. Mauer, W. A., Kaneene, J. B., DeArman, V. T., Roberts, C. A., Kulkarni, K. D., Robertiello, J., et al.

GENERIC JOURNAL

Author's Last Name, First Initial.  (Publication year).  Article title. Journal Title, Volume (Issue Number if journal is paginated per issue), Pages.  Retrieved month day, year from Database Name. 

GENERIC MAGAZINE

Author's Last Name, First Initial.  (Publication year, month day). Article title.  Magazine Title, Volume and/or Issue Number, Pages.  Retrieved month day, year from Database Name.

GENERIC NEWSPAPER

Author's Last Name, First Initial.  (Publication year, month day). Article title.  Newspaper title (edition, if available), section and page.  Retrieved month day, year from Database Name.
Note:  If no authors listed, Article title goes in author position.

GENERIC WEB SOURCE

Author, A. A. (2000). Title of work.  Retrieved month day, year, from source.

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CITATION EXAMPLES FOR LIBRARY ONLINE DATABASES

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ANNALS OF AMERICAN HISTORY

Washington. G. (1783). On Disbanding the Army. Retrieved April 4, 2006 from the Annals of American History database.

BRITANNICA ONLINE

Black Death. (2007). Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. Retrieved March 8, 2007, from the Encyclopaedia Britannica Online database.

COLLEGESOURCE ONLINE

University of San Diego: Profile. (2008). CollegeSource Online.  Retrieved April 3, 2008, from the CollegeSource Online database.

COUNTRYWATCH

MAP   

Antigua and Barbuda Country Map. (2007). Retrieved March 8, 2007, from the CountryWatch

database.

COUNTRY REVIEW

Antigua. (2007).  Retrieved March 8, 2007, from the CountryWatch database.
 

CQ RESEARCHER

Katel, P. (2007, April 4).  Prison reform . The CQ Researcher, 17, 291-311. Retrieved  June 2, 2007, from the CQ Press database.

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ENCICLOPEDIA UNIVERSAL EN ESPANOL

Espanola, Guerra Civil. (2006) In Enciclopedia Universal en Espanol. Retrieved February 6, 2006 from
the Enciclopedia Universal en Espanol database.

FACTS.COM

WORLD NEWS DIGEST

Space shuttle Challenger disaster revisited. (2006, January). Facts on File World News Digest. Retrieved January 28, 2006, from FACTS.com database.

ISSUES & CONTROVERSIES

Update: Home schooling. (2006, January 13).  Issues and Controversies. Retrieved January 28, 2006, from FACTS.com database.

ISSUES & CONTROVERSIES IN AMERICAN HISTORY

Bodenner, C.  Sacco-Vanzetti case. (2007, October 17). Issues & Controversies in American History. Retrieved April 17, 2008, from Facts.com database.

REUTERS NEWS

Assadi, M. (2006, January 28). Gunmen storm Palestinian Parliament. Reuters. Retrieved January 28, 2006, from FACTS.com database.

  TODAY’S SCIENCE

Larson, C. (2006, January). Stardust comes to Earth. Today’s Science. Retrieved January 28, 2006,
 from FACTS.com database.

WORLD ALMANAC REFERENCE DATABASE

Iran-U.S. hostage crisis revisited. (2006, January).  The World Almanac Reference Database. Retrieved January 28, 2006, from FACTS.com database.

WORLD ALMANAC ENCYCLOPEDIA

Secret surveillance of U. S. citizens revealed. (2005, December).  The World Almanac Encyclopedia. Retrieved January 28, 2006, from FACTS.com database.

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GALE VIRTUAL REFERENCE LIBRARY

ENCYCLOPEDIA ARTICLE WITH EDITION

El niño & la niña. (2004).  In R. A. Wood Ph.D. (Ed.), Weather almanac  11^th ed. (Vol. 1 pp.65-79).  Detroit: Gale.  Retrieved March 12, 2007, from the Gale Virtual Reference Library database.   

ENCYCLOPEDIA ARTICLE WITH EDITOR, NO AUTHOR

Physical activity, drugs, surgery, and other treatment for overweight and obesity. (2007).  In B. Wexler (Ed.), Weight in America: obesity, eating disorders, and other health risks (pp. 109-122). Detroit: Gale.  Retrieved March 12, 2007, from Gale Virtual Reference Library database. 

ENCYCLOPEDIA ARTICLE WITH TWO EDITORS

NAICS 325320—Pesticide and other agricultural chemical manufacturing. (2006). In A. Darnay & J. Simkin (Eds.), Manufacturing and distribution USA (Vol.1. pp. 2462).  Detroit: Gale.  Retrieved March 12, 2007, from the Gale Virtual Reference Library database. 

MULTIVOLUME WORK

Rein, D. C. (2003). Severe combined immune deficiency. In R. Robinson (Ed.), Genetics (Vol. 4, pp. 1144).  New York: Macmillan Reference USA. Retrieved March 7, 2007, from Gale Virtual Reference Library database.

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GROVE ART ONLINE

Kendall, M. S. (Sept. 1999). Ashcan school. Grove Art Online. Retrieved March 17,

2007, from the Grove Art Online database.

GROVE MUSIC ONLINE

Rushton, J. (Ed.). (2007). Downbeat. Grove Music Online. Retrieved March 17,

2007, from the Grove Music Online database.

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HEALTH & WELLNESS RESOURCE CENTER

MEDICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA

Gulli, L. F., Nasser, B., & Odle, T. B. (2006). Abuse. In The Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine. Thomson Gale. Retrieved March 13, 2007, from the Health & Wellness Resource Center database.

MEDICAL DICTIONARY

Neurobiology. (1998). In Mosby's Medical, Nursing, & Allied Health Dictionary. Retrieved March 13, 2007, from the Health & Wellness Resource Center database.

JOURNAL ARTICLE

Santos, F. C., Pacheco, J. M., & Lenaerts, T. (2006). Cooperation prevails when individuals adjust their social ties. Pl o S Computational Biology, 2 (10), 1284-1291. Retrieved March 9, 2007, from the Health & Wellness Resource Center database.

NEWSPAPER ARTICLE

Older moms: Births for U.S. women 40-44 years old rise 70 percent between 1991-2000 (Your Health).” (2007, March 6). The Buffalo News ( Buffalo, NY) . Retrieved March 13, 2007, from the Health & Wellness Resource Center database.

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IN THE FIRST PERSON

coming soon!

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JSTOR

JOURNAL ARTICLE: ONE AUTHOR

Rossner, S.V. (2002). Twenty-five years of NWSA: Have we built the two-way streets between women’s studies and women in science? NWSA Journal, 14 (1), 103-123. Retrieved June 2, 2007, from the JSTOR database.

JOURNAL ARTICLE: TWO AUTHOR

Flowers, L., & Zwelsen, J. (1998).  The changing role of “using” dreams in addiction recovery. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 15 (3), 93-100. Retrieved June 2, 2007, from the JSTOR database.     

JOURNAL ARTICLE - THREE TO SIX AUTHORS, CONTINUOUS PAGINATION.

Azzone, P., Freni, S., Maggiolini, A., Provantini, K., & Vigano, D. (1998).  How early adolescents describe their dreams: A quantitative analysis.  Adolescence, 33, 229-244.   Retrieved June 2, 2007, from the JSTOR database. 

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LETTERS & DIARIES: NORTH AMERICAN WOMEN

LETTERS, DIARIES, & ORAL HISTORIES: NORTH AMERICAN IMMIGRANTS

  coming soon!

LEXIS-NEXIS ACADEMIC UNIVERSE

MAGAZINE ARTICLE

Davis, A. R. (2007, July 1). A sustainable legacy; Pacific University incorporates green building options into new campus buildings. Northwest Construction 10 (7), 9. Retrieved April 16, 2008 from the LexisNexis Academic database.

JOURNAL ARTICLE

Peabody, B.G. (2007). "Supreme Court TV": Televising the least accountable branch? University of Notre Dame Journal of Legislation.  Retrieved April 17, 2008, from the LexisNexis Academic database.

NEWSPAPER ARTICLE

Hafner, K. (2007, August 16). Victory for voices over keystrokes. New York Times, Sec. C, p. 1. Retrieved April 17, 2008, from the LexisNexis Academic database.

TRANSCRIPT (RADIO OR TELEVISION)

Lehrer, J.  Suarez, R., Merrow, J., Bernanke, B. & Woodruff, J. (2008, April 3). Capitol Hill examines the FAA`s safety oversight of commercial airlines. The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer [Transcript].  MacNeil/Lehrer Productions.  Retrieved April 17, 2008, from the LexisNexis Academic database.

SEC FILING

U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. (2007, September 19). Time Warner Cable, Inc. (Exhibit 3 - Articles of Incorporation / By-Laws. Washington, D.C. Edgar Online. Retrieved April 24, 2008, from the LexisNexis Academic database.

COURT CASE

MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd., 454 F. Supp. 2d 966 (C. D. CA Sept. 26, 2006). Retrieved May 1, 2008, from the LexisNexis Academic database.

NEWSWIRE ARTICLE

Green movement offers significant market opportunities for the technology sector according to PriceWaterhouse Coopers study (2008, February 13).  PrimeNewswire. Retrieved April 30, 2008, from the LexisNexis Academic database.

COMPANY RECORDS

Hoover’s Inc., (2008, May 13). Lockheed Martin, Corporation. Hoover’s Company Records-In Depth Records.

Retrieved May 15, 2008, from the LexisNexis Academic database.             

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LITERATURE RESOURCE CENTER

JOURNAL ARTICLE: ONE AUTHOR

Ferris, S. J. (1960).  The outside and the inside: Flannery O’Connor’s ‘The violent bear it away.’  Critique: Studies in Modern Fiction, 3(2), 11-19.  Retrieved May 16, 2007, from the Literature Resource Center database.

JOURNAL ARTICLE PREVIOUSLY PUBLISHED IN A COLLECTION

“(Mary) Flannery O’Connor” [Electronic version]. Contemporary Literary Criticism-Select (2007).  Retrieved May 16, 2007, from the Literature Resource Center database.   

JOURNAL ARTICLE PREVIOUSLY PUBLISHED IN A COLLECTION

Zabriske, N. (1887).  The essay as a literary form and quality.  The Princeton Review 4(5), 227- 245. (Reprinted in Nineteenth-Century Literature Criticism: Vol. 48)  Retrieved May 21, 2007, from the Literature Resource Center database.

MAGILL ON LITERATURE PLUS

MASTERPLOTS

Damashek, R. (1996). The old man and the sea. Masterplots, rev. 2^nd ed. Retrieved March 8, 2007, from MagillOnLiterature Plus EBSCOhost database.

ENTRY FROM REFERENCE WORK

The old man and the sea. (1998). Cyclopedia of literary characters, rev. 3^rd ed.  Retrieved March 8, 2007, from MagillOnLiterature Plus EBSCOhost database.

LITERARY CRITICISM ESSAY

Mazzeno, L. (2001). Ernest Hemingway. Critical survey of short fiction, 2^nd rev. ed. Retrieved March 8, 2007, from MagillOnLiterature Plus EBSCOhost database.

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MUSIC ONLINE* (see special instructions)

GENERIC EXAMPLE

Last name, Initial. (Function of originator or primary contributor, eg. Speaker, Composer, etc.). (Date of copyright). Title of song. [Recorded by artist if different from writer.] On Title of album . [Audio file]. Location: Label. (Recording date if different from copyright date.)  Retrieved Month Day, Year, from Name of Database.

CLASSICAL MUSIC LIBRARY

Sibelius, J. (Composer). (1911). Canzonetta for strings, op. 62a. Scottish Baroque Ensemble.  Cond. Leonard Friedman. [Audio file]. Retrieved April 17, 2008, from Alexander Street Press Classical Music Library.

SMITHSONIAN GLOBAL SOUND

Ain’t going to work tomorrow. (1962). Kilby Snow. On Mountain music played on the autoharp. [Audio file]. Folkways Records. Retrieved April 18, 2008, from Alexander Street Press Smithsonian Global Sound for Libraries.

AFRICAN AMERICAN SONG

I’ve got the Joogie Blues (take 2). (2000) Maude Mills and Fats Waller. On Jazz & Blues Piano Vol. 2 (1924-1947). [Audio file]. Retrieved April 18, 2008, from Alexander Street Press African American Song.

AMERICAN SONG

Death of Goody Nurse. John Allison (Performer). (1962).On Witches and War-Whoops: Early New England Ballads. [Audio file]. New York: Folkways Records. Retrieved April 23, 2008, from Alexander Street Press American Song.

NETLIBRARY

BOOK

Merkur, D. (2001).  Unconscious wisdom: A superego function in dreams, conscience and inspiration. Albany, NY: SUNY. Retrieved August 5, 2004, from the netLibrary database.

WORK IN AN ANTHOLOGY OR EDITED BOOK

Harper, J.E. (2004). Spies and espionage. In Women during the civil war. (pp. 348-350). New York: Routledge. Retrieved February 1, 2006 from the netLibrary database.

REFERENCE WORK

Holmes, D.S. (2001). Defense mechanisms. In W.E. Craighead & C.B. Nemeroff (Eds.), The Corsini encyclopedia of psychology and behavioral science (3^rd ed.). New York: Wiley. Retrieved January 29, 2006 from the netLibrary database.

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NEW YORK TIMES HISTORICAL

Grutzner, C. (1952, July 3). Creek into Hudson to be cleaned up. NewYork Times, p. 27. Retrieved March 8, 2007, from the ProQuest Historical Newspapers The New York Times (1851-2003) database. 

OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS RESOURE CENTER

VIEWPOINT ESSAY (viewpoint essays usually does not include page numbers or place of publication)

Deming, D. (2006). Humanity will develop new energy technologies and tap new sources. In L. I.Gerdes, (Ed.) Opposing viewpoints: Humanity's future. Retrieved March 9, 2007, from the Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center database.

REFERENCE SOURCE

Diet and weight-loss lore, myths, and controversies. (2007)  In Weight in America: Obesity, eating disorders, and other health risks. Thomson Gale. Retrieved March 9, 2007 from the Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center database.

NEWSPAPER ARTICLE

Looking back now: Yale grad has a greater understanding of her eating disorder. (2007, February 15. New Haven Register. Retrieved March 9, 2007, from the Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center database.

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OVID JOURNALS (NURSING)

JOURNAL ARTICLE, TWO AUTHORS

Lubenau, J.O., & Strom, D. J. (2002). Safety and security of radiation sources in the aftermath of 11

Sept. 2001. Health Physics: The Radiation Safety Journal, 83(2), 155-164. Retrieved

March 10, 2007, from the Journals@OVID database.

OXFORD DIGITAL REFERENCE SHELF

Viles, H. (2005). Coastal protection and management. In A. Goudie (Ed.), Encyclopedia of global change. Retrieved March 14, 2007, from the Oxford Digital Reference Shelf database.

OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY ONLINE

marketplace, n. Def. 1. (2001, March). OED Online. Retrieved March 10, 2007, from the Oxford English Dictionary database.

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PROQUEST

NEWSPAPER ARTICLE

Wood, A.R. (2005, December 23). Majestic, mysterious, monstrous. The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved February 4, 2006, from the ProQuest database.

MAGAZINE ARTICLE 

Klotz, S.  (2002, February 1).  The wake-up call.  Backpacker, 1, 93-94. Retrieved January 14, 2006 from the ProQuest database.

JOURNAL ARTICLE

Levin, R. (1998).  Nightmares and schizotypy. Psychiatry, 61 (3), 206-216. Retrieved June 2, 2003, from the ProQuest database.

JOURNAL ARTICLE - THREE TO SIX AUTHORS, CONTINUOUS PAGINATION.

Azzone, P., Freni, S., Maggiolini, A.,Provantini, K., & Vigano, D. (1998).  How early adolescents describe their dreams: A quantitative analysis.  Adolescence, 33, 229-244.   Retrieved June 2, 2003, from the ProQuest database.

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PSYCARTICLES

JOURNAL ARTICLE

Levin, R. (1998).  Nightmares and schizotypy. Psychiatry, 61 (3), 206-216. Retrieved June 2, 2003, from the PsycArticles database.

JOURNAL ARTICLE - THREE TO SIX AUTHORS.

Azzone, P., Freni, S., Maggiolini, A.,Provantini, K., & Vigano, D. (1998).  How early adolescents describe their dreams: A quantitative analysis.  Adolescence, 33 (2), 229-244.   Retrieved June 2, 2003, from the PsycArticles  database.

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SCIENCE RESOURCE CENTER

REFERENCE ARTICLE, SIGNED

Nasr, A.H.B. (2007) Human genome programs. In K.L. Lerner & B.W. Lerner (Eds.), World of Genetics. Detroit: Gale. Retrieved March 9, 2007, from the Science Resource Center database.

REFERENCE ARTICLE, UNSIGNED

Human evolution. (2007). In K. A. McGrath and B.Travers (Eds.), World of Scientific Discovery. Detroit: Gale. Retrieved March 9, 2007, from the Science Resource Center database.

JOURNAL ARTICLE

Santos, F. C., Pacheco, J. M., & Lenaerts, T. (2006). Cooperation prevails when individuals adjust their social ties. Pl o S Computational Biology, 2 (10), 1284-1291. Retrieved March 9, 2007, from the Science Resource Center database.

MAGAZINE ARTICLE

Poole, R.M. (2006, February). Heartbreak on the Serengeti. National Geographic, 209, 2-31. Retrieved February 28, 2006, from the Science Resource Center database.

NEWSPAPER ARTICLE

Fackler, M. (2007, January 6). Japan offers a lesson in using technology to reduce energy consumption. The New York Times, p. C1. Retrieved March 9, 2007, from the Science Resource Center database.

DEFINITION

Synesthesia. In Thomson Gale Science Glossary. (2004). Gale. Retrieved February 28, 2006,
from the Science Resource Center database.

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SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN

ARTICLE

Ashley, S. (2006). Bouncy proteins. Scientific American, 294 (2), 22-23. Retrieved February 28, 2006, from the Scientific American Archive Online database.

STAT!REF

Muncie, H. L., Jr. (2007). Thalassemia. In F. J. Domino (Ed.), 5-Minute clinical consult (16^thed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins. Retrieved April 17, 2008, from the STAT!Ref database.

THEATRE IN VIDEO

  Hamlet sees his father’s ghost. (2007). Theatre in Video.  Alexander Street Press.  Retrieved April 12,  

      2008, from the Theatre in Video database.

VOCATIONAL BIOGRAPHIES

Nurse practitioner.(2007). Vocational Biographies.  Suak Centre.  Retrieved April 12, 2008, from the   

        Vocational Biographies database.

WEBSTER’S DICTIONARY ONLINE

Opportunistic. Retrieved Feb. 11, 2006 from Merriam-Webster’s Third New International Dictionary Unabridged database.

WOMEN & SOCIAL MOVEMENTS IN THE US

coming soon!

CITATION EXAMPLES FOR WEB SOURCES

WEB PAGE—GENERAL

Phillips, R. (1996). Sociology and women. Sociological sites for further study.  Retrieved April 4, 1997, from http://www.acs.org/pubdoc.html

ENTIRE WEB SITE

American Cancer Society, Inc.  (2007).  Cancer.org.  Retrieved May 21, 2007 from  World Wide Web: http://cancer.org/docroot/home/index.asp

SINGLE WEB PAGE (posted on a website)

International Water Management Institute (2000).  Projected water scarcity in 2025.  Retrieved May 21, 2007 from World Wide Web: http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/home/wsmap.htm#A1

ARTICLE FROM A WEB ONLY MAGAZINE

Neal, L.  (2007, May 21).  The stripper and the bogus online degree.  eLearn Magazine.  Retrieved May 23, 2007, from http://www.elearnmag.org/subpage.cfm?section=opinion&article=84-1

ARTICLE FROM A WEB ONLY SCHOLARLY JOURNAL

Stanley, R. E. (2007).  Funding black belt school districts in Tennessee: is there a discrepancy?  Electronic Journal of Sociology, Article ISSN 1198 3655.  Retrieved May 23, 2007, from   http://www.sociology.org/content/2007/__stanley_schoolfunding.pdf

PREVIOUSLY PUBLISHED ARTICLE FOUND ON A WEBSITE 

Nguyen, V.N. (1997). Understanding preteen anger. Journal of Adolescent Behavior, 54, 301-308. Retrieved June 12, 2002, from http://jab.org/articles/ 

TECHNICAL OR RESEARCH REPORT FROM WEBSITE

University of California, San Francisco, Institute for Health and Aging (1996, November).  Chronic care  in America.  A  21st century challenge. Retrieved September 9, 2002, from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Web site: http://www.rwjf.org/chrcare/

GOVERNMENT WEB SITE

National Institute of Mental  Health. (2002). Depression. Retrieved September 9, 2002, from the NIMH  Web site: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/depression.cfm

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.  (2007).  Centers for disease control and prevention: Your online source for credible health information .  Retrieved May 21, 2007 from World Wide Web: http://www.cdc.gov/

WEBLOG (blog)

Bradley’s Blog.  (22 May 2007).  North Shore Animal League America.  Retrieved May 23, 2007, from World Wide Web: http://www.nsalamerica.org/bradleys-blog/

WEB PAGE- NO AUTHOR, NO DATE

GVU's 8th WWW user survey. (n.d.). Retrieved August 8, 2000, from

http://www.cc.gatech.edu/gvu/usersurveys/survey1997-10/

YOUTUBE VIDEO

 GENERIC

Author last name, Initial. (Year, Month Day of publication). Title of video [Video file]. Video posted to URL

EXAMPLE

AmyMHz. (2006, July 29). Scottish Highland Dancing: Sword Dance [Video file]. Video posted to

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WVkh-oJ1j0Q

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